Animal Rights A Case For Animal Intelligence - 1217 Words

Animal Rights: A Case for Animal Intelligence Starting in the 17th century, enlightenment philosophers contemplated animal consciousness and its subsequent implications on animal rights. Descartes viewed animals as a modern-day machine: organic beings that only act instinctually. Thus, Descartes critically distinguished humans and animals based on their respective capacity for reason: since animals supposedly lack the ability to learn, they forego fundamental human rights. However, animal mind philosophy gradually shifted towards the end of the 19th century as Charles Darwin recorded notes of various species around the world. For example, Darwin observed an earthworm consuming leaves in an intelligent, non-instinctual way that, to him,†¦show more content†¦So, Cartesian Dualism offers an empirical and partially objective way to measure animals, and will be the basis for a contemporary test to assess an animal’s abilities. Clearly, animal intelligence clearly cannot be measured simply, since each animal must be in spected individually to assess its competency. Therefore, animals should be considered intelligent if they meet a majority of the following requirements: an ability to communicate and understand, self-consciousness, high relative size of brain to body mass (= ~2% of total mass), an ability to solve new problems using reasoning without relying on instinct, a desire to seek pleasure and avoid pain, and an ability to act empathetically. Of course, there will always exist animals that almost meet these requirements, but do not quite fulfill a majority, so animal intelligence must be viewed in terms of relative intelligence. Ultimately, although some animals today lack a mind capable of creating solutions to novel problems and sensing oneself (self-consciousness), several animals today, including dolphins, parrots, and chimpanzees, meet these requirements to be considered intelligent beings and thus should be entitled to the same inalienable rights as humans proportionally to their intel lect. Dolphins exemplify high animal intelligence because of their unique levels of self-awareness and ability to learn and teach each other. For instance, dolphins, like humans, can look at a mirror, recognizeShow MoreRelatedThe Difference Between Animals and Humans Essay1485 Words   |  6 PagesAnimal rights are an important topic to discuss and review. The trouble is the vast diversity of how people see humans and animals and how they are different and yet the same. Animals are in every aspect of our lives in how they are utilized to make our lives easier, to sustain us, or as a pet. Unfortunately, the line of animals and humans blurs as the widely known belief that we are a derivation of an animal and we should treat them as we would ourselves. This viewpoint, however, can be taken toRead MoreThe Nature Of Animal Act989 Words   |  4 PagesMacIntyre is right that animals act, meaning that their movements are rational and purposeful. First, I will present the accumulation of MacIntyre’s arguments that dolphins indeed act rationally and purposefully. Secondly, I will propose a counterargument that dolphins have neither explicit language nor conscious thoughts, and therefore do not act. After the presentation of both of these ideas, I will rebut the counterargument as MacIntyre might, and I will conclude that MacIntyre’s argument aboutRead MoreAnimal Rights And The Right Action1305 Words   |  6 Pages Billions of animals are killed by human beings each year. Most of these animals live in filthy, unfavorable conditions and undergo painful procedures before being slaughtered for food or other purposes. The way that these animals are treated would never be considered ethical when applied to humans, even though animals and humans have much in common. Humans should not kill or harm animals purposefully, just as they should not purposefully harm other humans. Based on the theory of utilitarianism-Read MoreAnimal Rights And Utilitarianism1063 Words   |  5 PagesAnimal Rights and Utilitarianism Peter Singer argues, in regard to animal rights, that equal beings with equal interests should be considered equally. Singer makes three claims about equality to support his position; equality is based on equal consideration, speciesism is unjustified, and the ability to feel pain makes one worthy of moral consideration. He believes equal interests deserve equal treatment, and guidelines for having interests concern sentience; the ability to experience suffering.Read MoreHow Speciesism Allows for a Constant Animal Holocaust1473 Words   |  6 Pagesspeak of exploitation, holocaust and slaughter, we think of slavery, the five million Jews killed during the Nazis Holocaust, and the many casualties of war, but these numbers pale and are a minuscule fraction compared to the number of non-human animals that are killed daily as a disposable service and resource for humans; their death is invisible, their horror silent. The same facts that shock us become acceptable data, a justifiable com modity of modern living. These anthropocentric sets of moralRead MoreThe Pigs Intellectual Exploitation in Animal Farm Essay949 Words   |  4 PagesThe Pigs Intellectual Exploitation in Animal Farm An author often writes a novel as a warning to mankind. In Animal Farm, George Orwell creates a world of animals that allegorically represent man. The intelligent pigs take advantage of the uneducated lower animals and take control of the farm. By showing the steady increase of the pigs intellectual exploitation of the lower animals, Orwell warns the reader of the importance of an education. Immediately after the revolution, theRead MoreThe Undead Gourmet Summary1156 Words   |  5 Pageshis argument in four stages; â€Å"The Right To Bear Arms Against Zombies(pg. 1), What If Zombies Used Their Brains(pg. 2), Love Your Zombie Neighbor(pg. 3), and Zombie Rights†(pg. 4).Some great arguments are made in this article, but diving deeper into some of these arguments will decide if â€Å"is it okay to kill a zombie just because it wants to eat you?†(pg. 1). Riley explains in â€Å"The Right To Bear Arms Against Zombies†(pg1), that a zombies show no human-level intelligence, can’t use tools, have languageRead MoreOrwell s Animal Farm, By George Orwell856 Words   |  4 PagesStultifying to self-delusion In novel â€Å"Animal Farm† by George Orwell, he mentions the animals in the farm they all have the vision of freedom after Old Major’s prediction. They rebilled against the farmers and after their victory they tasted the revolution. The farm was renamed â€Å"Animal Farm† and made the constitution of the manor – â€Å"the seven commandments.† Soon there is a split on the revolution between the pigs, Snowball was declared as an enemies of the revolution. Since then Napoleon and SquealerRead MoreEssay Peter Singer Arguement That We are Speciesist 1126 Words   |  5 Pagesattitude of bias in favor of the interests of members of one’s own species and against those of members of other species† (Singer, Animal Liberation, p. 6). The rationale for the preferential treatment encapsulated in this definition is simply the fact that those receiving the preferred treatment belong to the same species, and not on the basis of any grounds of highe r intelligence or other attributes. Singer ensures that the reader can easily relate to this concept by drawing parallels between it, racismRead MoreAnimal Liberation, By Peter Singer1302 Words   |  6 Pagesyears, the public has be more aware of the animal liberation movement. This movement opposes factory farming and animal experimentation; the movement demanding animal equality. The animal liberation movement demands for the people to expand their moral capabilities, to recognize that animals should be treated as equals. However, it is hard for one to recognize that the moral inequality until it is forcibly pointed out to them. Peter Singer, author of Animal Liberation, has written about various ethical

Slavery And The Underground Railroad - 1520 Words

Slavery was a horrific action that took place for hundreds of years., The Underground Railroad was a way to escape this atrocity. The Underground Railroad was not an actual railroad that was underground, but instead a system of homes and places that would house runaway slaves and help them to escape to the North. The Underground Railroad was a dangerous thing, but had the great reward of, freedom for slaves, if theyyou successfully completed the challenge. It took great courage and bravery to take the chance to run away and become free. Many people would try to harm the runaways and would do anything to send them back to the slavery they wanted to escape from. Even with all these challenges the slaves found it worth the risk for the freedom, and many have told their stories of hardships and hope of freedom. The Underground Railroad did no t always have a name, it was just a process, sometimes organized into a network but most of the time not, in which slaves escaped north to the free states. The free states were the north, because the Ssouth still believed in slavery while the Nnorth wanted to end it. The term The Underground Railroad was used by George Washington in the 1780s but didn t pick up until the 1830s. â€Å"... it was common by the mid-1840s to speak and write of the Underground Railroad as a clandestine system for runaway slaves.† (Blight).† The people who helped in the Underground Railroad were called conductors. Most of the conductors were escaped slaves thatShow MoreRelatedSlavery And The Underground Railroad2071 Words   |  9 Pagesfar as I am concerned he is justified to resort to whatever methods necessary to bring about his liberty†¦Ã¢â‚¬  -Malcolm X, Oxford Union Debate, Dec. 3, 1964 To seek freedom, slaves utilized the Underground Railroad system and to plan their escapes they used secret forms of communication. The Underground Railroad was formed as an advantage to help slaves escape and find a life of freedom. In the 1800s, African Americans made up a large percentage of the population in the American South. They had to liveRead MoreSlavery And The Underground Railroad853 Words   |  4 Pagesworked to undermine slavery. People tried to undermine slavery by taking slaves the north using the underground railroad. Another way they helped slavery was to make newspapers and make speeches to the people about slaves. People also tried to write bills and pass laws to undermine slavery. Black and white people in the U.S. worked to undermine slavery by building the underground Railroad to help people escape from slavery to the North and to Canada. The underground Railroad was not run by one individualRead More The Underground Railroad: Escaping Slavery Essays818 Words   |  4 Pages The Underground Railroad was what many slaves used to escape slavery. It was not an actual railroad, although it could easily be compared to one. It was a route, with safe houses and many other hiding spots for the slaves to use. The paths had conductors telling you where to go and people who would drive you to the next safe house. You had to be quick, you had to be strong, and you had to be very courageous. The Underground Railroad led all the way to Canada. There were many people helping the slavesRead MoreThe Underground Railroad : A Successful Way For Slavery Essay1813 Words   |  8 PagesFrom 1800-1865, 100,000 slaves escaped from the Underground Railroad due to the harsh conditions they faced throughout their lives. The underground railroad was a successful way for many former slaves to become free. The underground railroad was not actually a railroad. It consisted of secret routes, safe houses, and other locations. The escaped slaves would hide out in churches, houses, barns and other places that had extra rooms for hiding. These locations were provided by the freed African AmericansRead MoreThe Underground Railroad : The Secret System Of Escape During Slavery1107 Words   |  5 Pages The Underground Railroad The Underground Railroad is one of the most historical national monuments around the world. The term underground railroad was used to describe a network of meeting places, secret passageways, and safe houses used by the African slaves to escape the slave states and travel to the northern states, such as Canada (â€Å"Underground Railroad Where History†) . The Underground Railroad also had many prominent figures including Harriet Tubman, John Fairfield, and Levi Coffin (â€Å"PeopleRead More The Underground Railroad and Iowa: On the Road from Slavery to Freedom2235 Words   |  9 PagesThe Underground Railroad and Iowa: On the Road from Slavery to Freedom â€Å"I looked at my hands to see if I was the same person†¦ There was such a glory over everything. The sun came up like gold through the trees, and I felt like I was in Heaven.† Harriet Tubman uttered these words when she arrived in Pennsylvania, a free woman at last (National Geographic). Years later, when talking about the reasons she ran away, Ms. Tubman would state, â€Å"[There are] two things I [have] a right to and theseRead MoreSlavery And The Underground Railroad And Martin Luther King Jr.911 Words   |  4 Pages Slavery has and always will be considered an intolerable and inhumane part of our history. We all have some knowledge about slavery; some maybe more than others. I’m sure we all remember as a child learning about the Underground Railroad and Martin Luther King Jr. during Black History Month in February. When you read â€Å"Africans in America: Judgment Day–Part 4: 1831 – 1865†, it will shed light on several historical e vents that you might not be aware of. The information obtained in this article willRead MoreThe Underground Railroad s Working Against Slavery During The Civil War2260 Words   |  10 PagesResisting Slavery October 27, 2014 Cutler Quirante Dr. Gwinyai P. Muzorewa â€Æ' Abstract The author will investigate the Underground Railroad’s work to resist against slavery during the Civil War. The author will collaborate on the dealings of people who were leaders of the Underground Railroad, U.S. political stance on slavery, and the actions that were carried out for the cause of freedom. The authors main focus of the paper will be centered on operations of the Underground Railroad, members involvedRead MoreUnderground Railroad Essay Outline1333 Words   |  6 PagesTHE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD 1 The Underground Railroad Raymond Allen Setlock West Catholic High School THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD 2 Our country’s history had its good times and also its bad times. One of our bad times in our country’s history was the time when the United States allowed slavery to takeRead MoreThe Underground Railroad1073 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"A national benefit.† said John C. Calhoun about the evil act known as, slavery (â€Å"The History of the United States). However the world was not completely full of ignorance even though it is shown here. â€Å"Whenever I hear anyone arguing for slavery, I feel a strong impulse to see it tried on him personally,† said by Abraham Lincoln. (â€Å"Quotes About Slavery†) No one had experienced anything other than a world with slavery, and were not for having a change like this occur and change many people’s lives

Market Research Free Essays

Bilkent University Faculty of Business Administration Spring 2012-2013 MAN 312 Quiz 1-SOLUTIONS 1. A tile manufacturer has supplied the following data: Answer a and b. [pic] a. We will write a custom essay sample on Market Research or any similar topic only for you Order Now What is the company’s contribution margin ratio? 1,128,000-456,000-156,000=516,000/1,128,000= %45. 74 b. What is the company’s marfin of safety in %? BE Sales= (320,000+96,000)/%45. 74= 909,488$ Margin of Safety= (1,128,000-909,488)/1,128,000=%19. 37 2. City Corporation produces and sells a single product. Data concerning that product appear below: pic] Fixed expenses are $110,000 per month. The company is currently selling 1,000 units per month. Required: Management is considering using a new component that would increase the unit variable cost by $56. Since the new component would improve the company’s product, the marketing manager predicts that monthly sales would increase by 500 units. What should be the overall effect on the company’s monthly net operating income of this change if fixed expenses are unaffected? Use Incremental Approach. Show your work! Selling Price= 190$ Variable Expense/unit= 38+56=94$ Unit CM= 190-94=96$ Present CM = 152,000 (152*1,000) Expected CM = 144,000 (96*1,500) Decrease in CM = (8,000) No change in FC = – Decrease in NOI = (8,000) Bilkent University Faculty of Business Administration Spring 2012-2013 MAN 312 Quiz 1 1. A tile manufacturer has supplied the following data: Answer a and b. [pic] a. What is the company’s unit contribution margin? 1,128,000-456,000-156,000=516,000/240,000= 2. 15$/unit b. What is the company’s marfin of safety in terms of quantity? BE Sales Quantity= (320,000+96,000)/2. 15= 193,488 units Margin of Safety= 240,000-193,488=46,512 units 2. City Corporation produces and sells a single product. Data concerning that product appear below: [pic] Fixed expenses are $110,000 per month. The company is currently selling 1,000 units per month. Required: Management is considering using a new production technique that would decrease the unit variable cost by $16, but increase the fixed costs by $48,000. However, the marketing manager predicts that monthly sales would increase by 500 units. What should be the overall effect on the company’s monthly net operating income of these changes? Use Incremental Approach. Show your work! Selling Price= 190$ Variable Expense/unit= 38-16=22$ Unit CM= 190-22=168$ Present CM = 152,000 (152*1,000) Expected CM = 252,000 (168*1,500) Increase in CM = 100,000 Increase in FC = (48,000) Increase in NOI = 52,000 How to cite Market Research, Essays